Vitamin B12 recommendations for vegans - in the six languages of the United Nations


Arabic 
اختار واحد من الاختيارات التالية (11, 15, 16, 17)

- 2-5 ميكروجرام مرتين في اليوم من (المدعمات الغذائية أو المكملات الغذائية) (3, 4, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14)

- 10-200 ميكروجرام في اليوم من (المكملات الغذائية) (1, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9)

- 2000-2500 ميكروجرام في الأسبوع  من (المكملات الغذائية) (2, 7, 9, 10, 13)

Chinese (simplified) 

素食主义者维生素B12建议，
选择以下之一 (11, 15, 16, 17)：

- 2-5 µg, 每天两次（来自强化食品或补充剂）(3, 4, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14)
- 每天10-100 µg （来自补充剂）(1, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9)
- 每周2000-2500 µg（来自补充剂）(2, 7, 9, 10, 13)

English 

Vitamin B12 recommendations for vegans 
Choose one of the following options (11, 15, 16, 17):
   
- 2–5 µg twice per day (from fortified foods or a supplement) (3, 4, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14)
- 10–200 µg per day from a supplement (1, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9)
- 2000–2500 µg per week from a supplement (2, 7, 9, 10, 13)




French

Recommandations de vitamine B12 pour les végans (végétaliens)
Choisissez l'une des options suivantes (11, 15, 16, 17):

- 2-5 μg deux fois par jour (à partir d'aliments enrichis ou d'un supplément) (3, 4, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14) 
- 10-200 μg par jour (supplément) (1, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9) 
- 2000-2500 μg par semaine (supplément) (2, 7, 9, 10, 13)




Russian

Рекоммендации потребления витамина В12 для веганов.
Выберите один из следующих вариантов (11, 15, 16, 17):

- 2-5 мкг в день (при потреблении обогащённых продуктов питания или пищевых добавок) (3, 4, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14);
- 10-20 мкг в день при потреблении пищевых добавок (витаминов) (1, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9);
- 2000-2500 мкг в неделю при потреблении пищевых добавок (витаминов) (2, 7, 9, 10, 13).


  
Spanish

Recomendaciones de vitamina B12 para veganos
Elige una de las siguientes opciones (11, 15, 16, 17):   

- 2–5 µg dos veces al día (de alimentos enriquecidos con vitamina B12 o de un suplemento) (3, 4, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14)
- 10–200 µg al día de un suplemento (1, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9)
- 2000–2500 µg cada semana de un suplemento (2, 7, 9, 10, 13)



References
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  2. Berlin H, Berlin R, Brante G: Oral treatment of pernicious anemia with high doses of vitamin B12 without intrinsic factor. Acta Med Scand 184: 247–258 (1968)
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  4. Carmel R: Cobalamin (Vitamin B12). In: Shils ME, Shike M, Ross AC, Caballero B, Cousins RJ (eds): Modern nutrition in health and disease. 10th edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 482–497 (2006)
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  10. IOM (Institute of Medicine), Food and Nutrition Board: Dietary reference intakes for thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin B12, pantothenic acid, biotin, and choline. Washington, DC: National Academy Press (1998)
  11. Johnsen JB, Fønnebø V: [Vitamin B 12 deficiency in strict vegetarian diet. Why do some people choose such a diet, and what will they do in case of vitamin B 12 deficiency]. [Article in Norwegian] Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 111: 62–64 (1991) (Abstract)
  12. Luhby AL, Cooperman JM, Donnenfeld AM, Herrero JM, Teller DN, Wenig JB: Observations on transfer of vitamin B12 from mother to fetus and newborn. Am J Dis Child 96: 532–533 (1958)
  13. Norberg B: Turn of tide for oral vitamin B12 treatment. J Intern Med 246: 237–238 (1999)
  14. Norris J: How recommendations were formulated. Last updated: August 2013. http://www.veganhealth.org/b12/formula (9 Nov 2015)
  15. Schüpbach R, Wegmüller R, Berguerand C, Bui M, Herter‑Aeberli I: Micronutrient status and intake in omnivores, vegetarians and vegans in Switzerland. Eur J Nutr Oct 26. doi: 10.1007/s00394-015-1079-7 [Epub ahead of print] (2015)
  16. Sobiecki JG, Appleby PN, Bradbury KE, Key TJ: High compliance with dietary recommendations in a cohort of meat eaters, fish eaters, vegetarians, and vegans: results from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition–Oxford study. Nutr Res 36: 464–477 (2016)
  17. Woo KS, Kwok TCY, Celermajer DS: Vegan diet, subnormal vitamin B-12 status and cardiovascular health. Nutrients 6: 3259–3273 (2014)